在SAT的文章中,同学们会发现大量的内容是关于学术类话题,涵盖天文地理人文历史。在这种情况下,就很容易出现一些生词并且作者通常会在文章中写出该名词或者内容的定义加以解释防止出现理解错误。这一技巧,在写作中我们成为definition即定义。本期,我们就会带同学一起来看到SAT文章中是怎样使用这一技巧并达到什么样的写作效果。
定义的方式
同学们比较熟悉的定义方式是作者在一个general idea之后增加了一个句子去定义文章中讨论的主题词。这一方式比较常见,但是需要同学们关注的是,除了这种方式,作者也会运用其他形式来定义文章的关键词。它们分别是:
1
(1) add to the definition by offering specific examples;
2
通过提供具体的例子来定义
3
(2) provide information about history, location, context, or usage;
通过提供具体的背景地点上下文来定义
(3) explain how the term differs from a similar word or phrase;
通过与相近词或词组进行区分来定义
(4) further define the key term by introducing its antonym, or term opposite in meaning.
通过呈现反义词或相反概念来定义
E.g.
Puberty denotes two general types of physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood. The first set of changes that define puberty concern physical appearance. These usually include a dramatic increase in height and weight, as well as changes in the body’s fat and muscle content. The second defining change concerns sexual maturation, including change in the reproductive organs and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial and body hair and the growth of breasts.
以上这个例子,同学们在之中看见这样两组词:the first set及the second set会发现作者是通过具体的内容对puberty的进行定义的。