3月托福阅读线下考试文章话题集合
3月份我们总共搜集到了7场考试，分别有如下的话题和内容背景
20230304
Article 1
Subject: History
Title: ……
About French Industrial Revolution
Article 2
Subject: Astronomy
Title:  The Formation of Early Earth
Abstract: The passage mainly told about the main phenomenon in the formation of earth: heat accumulation by substances collision and fusion as well as radioactive substances emission, and the formation of earth magnetic field and its variations under the influence of solar wind.
Article 3
Subject: Psychology
Title: Motor Development in Children
Abstract: ……
Article 4
Subject: History
Title: ……
Abstract: The passage mainly tells about development of the salt industry under the official monopoly system in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties of China, as well as the rise of private salt trade. (元明清三代盐业官营制度下盐业发展与私盐贸易出现)
Article 5
Subject: Astronomy
Title: Origin of the Solar System
Abstract:  The primordial / proto sun was created during nebula cloud collapse under the joint-influences of external force (shock waves from supernova explosion) and internal gravitational contraction. Inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars)were formed after the internal gravitational contraction and heating process ended, then outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) were developing along with extensive satellite system.
推荐阅读：tpo16 planets in our system
Article 6
Subject: Astronomy
Title: Jupiter's Moon Io (木卫一)
Abstract:  the passage tells about the characteristics of Io, compared with other three major satellites of Jupiter: smooth surface, much sulphur in particles and much molten material erupted by volcanos, uncircular orbit around Jupiter.
Article 7
Subject: Palaeontology
Title: Study of Ancient Insect Fossils
Abstract:  insect fossils are scarce. there are two ways for insects fossils to be preserved, ambers and rock sediments. unearthed insect fossils help to understand about that period and more information of evolution.
20230308
Article 1
重复20210620旧题
Subject: Geology
Title: (……
Abstract: The passage introduces three ways of stone dimorphism: oxidization（氧化）, hydrolyzation（水解）, and weathering（风化）.
Article 2
Subject: Anthropology
Title: (to be followed up....)
About Maya Culture, its settlements, social stratum, religious architectures, rituals and arts, language and writing system.
推荐阅读TPO58-3, THE RISE OF CLASSIC MAYA CIVILIZATION
20230318
Article 1
Subject: History
Title: Transportation and American Development
Abstract: The passage first introduces the development of steamboats and canals that connected central and eastern areas (especially from New York to Great Lakes Region) and that boosted a larger market access and business success, then introduces the development of steam trains and railways (especially centered in Chicago) network constructions that facilitated greater economic and city development, finally points out railway railway transportaion's superority over canal.
Article 2
Subject: Paleontology
Title: Bird fossils and Evolution
Abstract: Scientists unearthed the earliest bird fossils, whose traits of wings, feathers, claws and tail well resemble those of reptiles', which strongly proves that birds are descendants of dinosaurs.
Article 3
Subject:  sociology
Title: Agriculture of Atlanta
Abstract:  
Article 4
Subject: ecology 
Title: 
Abstract: The tropical rainforest has a high diversity of species, comparing it with the desert, and talking about the competition of certain plants.
Article 5
Subject: ecology
Title: 
Abstract: About American mining industry and environmental protection
Article 6
Subject:  sociology
Title: 
Abstract: The impacts of the Nile on Egyptian agriculture, such as helping with irrigation, the relative specifics of the two branches of the Nile, and the periodic rise and fall of the Nile bringing about the deposition of many nutrients
20230319
Article 1
重复20210626旧题
Subject: Biology
Title: Flamingo （火烈鸟）
Abstract: The passage discusses about flamingo's biological features (feathers and feet) and explains some of biological behaviors (prey and compete within group).
Article 2
Subject: archaeology
Title: Copper coins of the Song Dynasty
Abstract: ……
Article 3
Subject: biology
Title: Flamingo
Abstract: The passage discusses about flamingo's biological features (feathers and feet) and explains some of biological behaviors (prey and compete within group). 
20230322
Article 1
重复20220713旧题
Subject: Art
Title: ……
Abstract: the passage introduces a photographer, who started his art life in Berlin and gradually had his own artistic style as a pictorialist. He later split up with other pictorialists and opened his own art galleries that helped introduce many works of other styles, which was deemed as a revolutionary symbol of that time.
Article 2
重复20220907旧题
Subject: Archaeology
Title:  化石研究
Abstract:  Scientific research into the earliest fossils to gain archaeological data, to explore its forming environments and its relations with early life forms.
Article 3
重复20200826旧题
Subject: History
Title: 罗马对欧洲的影响
Abstract:  Roman influences to Europe: science & technology, political ruling, monetary system, citizens customs and clothing.
20230325
Article 1
Subject: geography
Title: ……
Abstract: ：Ocean currents are created by joint influence of monsoon (季风) and Coriolis Force（地球自转偏向力）. Surface currents and deep currents are generated by water temperature and salinity differences. Currents movements bring nutrients in deep ocean to surface, which is essential to ecological balance. 40% of heat exchange between tropical and pole regions are accomplished by ocean currents.
Article 2
重复20230225旧题
Subject: Geography
Title: Ocean Currents
Abstract: Ocean currents are created by joint influence of monsoon (季风) and Coriolis Force（地球自转偏向力）. Surface currents and deep currents are generated by water temperature and salinity differences. Currents movements bring nutrients in deep ocean to surface, which is essential to ecological balance. 40% of heat exchange between tropical and pole regions are accomplished by ocean currents.
20230328
Article 1
重复20211128旧题
Subject: Biology
Title: Keeping Body Temperature
Abstract: Scientists usually divide animals into two categories: Poikilotherm (/ˈpɒɪkɪlə(ʊ)ˌθɜːm/ n.  变温动物)， whose body temperatures vary with surrounding environment, and Homoeotherm (/ˈhəʊmɪəʊˌθɜːm/n. 温血动物，恒温动物), whose body temperatures remain independent from surrounding environment. Under this category, animals ability to regulate temperatures depends on heat conductance of environment. Later, scientists find some defects on this sorting technique, and divide animals into two categories from a new perspective: endotherm and ectotherm, depending on whether the species has an internal heat source. But the latter sorting technique also has its own defects.
Part 2
备考建议
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